The Rudolfinum has been the home of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra since 1946. The building was designed in the neo-renaissance style by architect Josef Zítek and his student Josef Schulz, and was opened 8 February 1885. It is named in honour of Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, who presided over the opening. Between 1919 and 1941 the building was used as seat of Czechoslovak parliament. The Rudolfinum's Dvořák Hall is one of the oldest concert halls in Europe and is noted for its excellent acoustics.

The building also contains the Galerie Rudolfinum, an art gallery that focuses mainly on contemporary art.